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Research Paper Topics On The Death Penalty
Thursday, September 3, 2020
Spanish Verbs Meaning to Begin
Spanish Verbs Meaning to Begin Spanish has two regular action words that can be utilized for to start or to begin: empezar and comenzar. They ordinarily can be utilized reciprocally. In spite of the fact that empezar is more typical than comenzar, comenzar doesnt appear to be prominently formal like its English related, start. Both empezar and comenzar are conjugated unpredictably. Right Way to Use Empezar and Comenzar To state to start to accomplish something, you can utilize both of the action words followed by the relational word an and an infinitive: El web empieza a generar dinero. The site is starting to create money.à ¿A quã © hora empezã ³ a nevar? At what time did it start to snow?Cuando llegamos a Quito, comenzaba a llover. At the point when we showed up at Quito, it was starting to rain.Uruguay comienza an estudiar la producciã ³n de energã a atomic. Uruguay is starting to examine the creation of atomic energy.Empiezo a pensar por ti mismo. I am starting to think simply like you.La inflaciã ³n va an empezar muy right now a bajar. Swelling is going to start to drop very soon. Every action word can remain without anyone else without an item: La lluvia empieza a caer ms y ms fuerte. The downpour is starting to fall more earnestly and harder.El mitin comenzã ³ finalmente a las 10 de la noche. The gathering at last started at 10 p.m.Bueno, pues sã , empezamos con esto. Great, at that point, lets begin with it. (Actually, with this.)La boda comenzar a las 12:30 hora neighborhood. The wedding will start at 12:30 nearby time. When either action word is trailed by an ing word, it regularly has the significance of to start by or to begin: Empezã ³ estudiando en el taller del escultor famoso. She began concentrating in the celebrated stone carvers studio.Comencà © trabajando 10 horas por dã a como limpiadora de casa. I began working 10 hours of the day as a housecleaner.Empezamos corriendo juntos el preliminary kilã ³metro. We start by running the principal kilometer together. Albeit presumably not as normal as in English, the two action words can likewise take direct items to show what is beginning: Tiene muchos consejillos para comenzar un negocio. He has numerous tips for beginning a business.La ciudad empezã ³ la reparaciã ³n de la calles en abril. The city started the road fixes in April. Different Verbs for To Begin As just appeared, you frequently can utilize the action words to allude to starting an action with the movement as the object of the action word. In any case, it is additionally basic to utilize the action word emprender for that reason. Emprender is particularly basic when alluding to the start of movement. No quiere emprender la tarea sin ayuda. He doesnt need to carry out the responsibility without help.Dentro de unos minutos emprendo el viaje. Inside a couple of moments I start the trip.Emprendieron el reto de construir un proyecto conjunto. They started the test of building a task together.Emprendà el vuelo en direcciã ³n hacia donde el sol se pone. I started the trip toward the nightfall. The action word originarse regularly means start when it is utilized to intend to begin: El problema se originaba cuando navegaba ciertas pginas web. The issue began when I was setting off to certain web pages.La emergency econã ³mica mundial se originã ³ en EEUU. The world monetary emergency started in the U.S. Utilization of Verb Tense To Indicate Beginning Frequently, when talking about occasions previously, the preterite tense is utilized in inclination to the blemished to demonstrate that an action started. A type of start isnt fundamentally utilized in interpretation, in any case. A typical model is the action word conocer, which frequently intends to know an individual. The contrast between Conocã a a Katrina and Conocã a Katrina is generally the distinction between I knew Katrina and I started to know Katrina. Commonly, the subsequent sentence would be interpreted as I met Katrina. Different models: Yo tenã a calor. (I was warm.) Tuve calor. (I started to be warm. I got warm.)Ella sabã a la verdad. (She knew reality.) Supo la verdad. (She started knowing reality. She discovered reality.) This idea is additionally clarified in the exercise on utilizing the past tense with specific action words.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Journal Of Economic Development IT Finance ââ¬Myassigtnmenthelp.Com
Question: Examine About The Journal Of Economic Development IT Finance? Answer: Presentation: Established in the time of 1995, the Philippine Daily Inquirer, prominently alluded to as the Inquirer, figured out how to build up itself as one of the most perceived papers, working in the Philippines. The companys commitment to report the most legitimate news, to the general population, rather than molding and misshaping the political talk, had helped it turns into the most broadly read broadsheet paper in the whole nation. Be that as it may, with the development and extension of the association, the representatives turned out to be increasingly disconnected, and contrasts sprung up among the previous and new workers. In particular, as the supervisor, Letty began grasping the Micromanagement style of administration, things deteriorated. The style is more is about control, and keeping in mind that having control as a chief is fundamental, utilizing it as a changeless administration procedure will undoubtedly come up short, as it has occurred on account of Inquirer. As the paper dis tributing organization began experiencing relentless rivalry from the online news locales, the endurance of the association got sketchy. Thus, the report expects to fundamentally dissect the issue/s invading the association and offer appropriate proposals for the equivalent. Issue Identification: Clearly, the issue that the Inquirer is experiencing at present time, is that it is experiencing immense rivalry from the online news media, which gives quick and exact news to anyone and everyone, at liberated from cost, gave the peruser appreciates access to web. While the gainfulness of print news coverage is in question, Inquirer moves to online news media too, however with little possibility in future. The very motivation behind why the association can contend effectively, is that it is pervaded with different hierarchical issues, distinguished underneath: The primary issue recognized, is the powerlessness of the pioneers of the association to battle the issue, by effectively captivating themselves with the subordinates, and attempting to locate a complete arrangement. Furthermore, as indicated over, the hierarchical culture of the organization is additionally a central issue. As new representatives began coming in, contrasts began springing up among the existent and the new workers. Repugnance of Change of the organization hinders its capacity to adjust to the new universe of innovation and advancement. The micromanagement style of authority as received by the Editor is profoundly mistaken. Underlying drivers of Symptoms: Absence of Employee Engagement: While there exists a feeling of lack of concern among a few, others are confounded about which stage (print or new media) to contribute on. The workers are not coming up, teaming up with one another, and attempting to take care of the issue. The absence of camaraderie among its individuals has hosed the authoritative culture, and obstructed the development of plans. Poor Organizational Culture:. The old ones would not examine the issue with the youngsters, and despite the fact that the new representatives were enough capable, they were being avoided administrative choices. Without a positive, community working environment culture, the senior representatives wouldn't work with more noteworthy commitment (Alvesson and Sveningsson 2015). Revultion of Change: Change is a basically significant angle that encourages authoritative advancement of any organization. Any association that necessities to support itself for a more extended time, must adjust to change and enhance itself. In any case, change must accompany successful correspondence of the arrangement to the pertinent partners (Hayes 2014). In the event of Inquiry, as saw here, the issue is, in spite of the fact that the organization moved to an online stage, it neglected to connect with its columnist and editors in understanding what the following enormous jump they should take is. Inadequate relational correspondence inside the association is hence the following obstacle here. Wrong Leadership Style: The micromanagement style of administration as embraced by the Editor is exceptionally mistaken, as it forestalls the commitment of the workers in the administration choice, and in this manner they stay de-propelled and less gainful (Ertureten et al. 2013). Presently, when the issues are recognized, every issue must be examined in the light of the hierarchical hypothesis. Hierarchical Culture Theory of Goodall: The hierarchical culture of an organization decides the dedication of the workers towards the association and employment fulfillment. According to Goodall, the authoritative hypothesis depends intensely on a feeling of shared significance among the representatives of the organization, who resemble the common individuals from the general public. While the pioneers of the association should go about as coaches, directing and regulating crafted by the subordinates, the subordinates ought to never be denied rights to connect effectively in the administrative dynamic procedure (Alvesson 2016). Nonetheless, the issue with Inquirer has been that the organization follows a various leveled hierarchical culture. The nearness of a profoundly organized and formalized workplace surely forestalls the chance of effectiveness based coordination among the representatives (Hogan and Coote 2014). While Letty, the Editor, regardless of being profoundly proficient, is hesitant and unpunctual herself, she doesn't welcome and request the thoughts of the similarly able junior writers, who may offer creative methodologies that can enable the organization to flourish. Lewins Change Management Model and Resistance to Organizational Change inside Inquirer: In spite of the fact that Inquirer has moved to the online new media channel too, the organization can't choose which stage to put resources into, and protection from change is a significant issue here. Lewins Change Mangement Model expresses that three explicit advances must be followed while executing a change-Unfreeze, Change and Refreeze (Shirey 2013). The principal stage expresses that the administration authority, before executing a change, should basically impart the reason, degree, cause and advantages of the change to its partners. Since Inquirer the board authority neglected to convey the requirement for change to its representatives, it couldn't break the state of affairs. It is imperative to disclose to the representatives for what reason is it essential to change and how it can acquire benefit (Longo 2013). Without appropriate correspondence, the senior writers likewise displayed hesitance to work for longer hours. Lewins model states it is simply after an association un freezes the issue, it can actualize the (change stage) and get things at last back to commonality as in the past (refreeze stage). Micromanagement Leadership Style: A Wrong Approach in Inquirer: Micromanagement administration style is a hierarchical style which depends on practicing legitimate control on the workers. Despite the fact that practicing control on the workers is profoundly significant, moving all force from the representatives is positively proportional to removing responsibility from the workers. If there should arise an occurrence of Inquiry, this authority style neglected to be a disappointment, as it neglected to include the consideration of the absolute most able representatives in its dynamic procedure, while the pioneer Letty herself isn't entirely dependable in any case. Regardless of all the aptitude and expert mastery she has, it is obvious that by checking on and favoring every worker movement, she is easing back the yield of the division leaving a line of work fixed (Boykins et al. 2013). She has vision, however no execution to the extent the move to new media stage is concerned, and the nonattendance of worker commitment in the usage of the executiv es choices exacerbates the circumstance (Hazen 2015). Unified Organizational Structure: Inferable from the concentrated authoritative structure of the organization, the administration authority depends on the ranking directors just, to give guidance to the organization. Absence of activity to connect with the more youthful representatives de-propels them, yet additionally forestalls the association execute a compelling technique, that in a changing business situation (Ashkenas et al. 2015). Because of the various leveled structure, regardless of whether the lesser workers are sufficiently skilled to suggest creative techniques, they are disheartened to do as such. While decentralized associations can battle with numerous people having assorted suppositions on a specific business choice, the brought together structure debilitates the dynamic method (Guadalupe et al. 2013). Proposal: Most importantly, it is suggested that Inquirer surrenders its various leveled authoritative culture, and rather grasps the tribe culture. Therefore, the ranking directors can generally oversee the presentation and exercises of the subordinates and go about as guides, the workers will likewise be permitted to partake to appreciate opportunity to suggest activities and attempt singular activity. So as to change to the new culture, which in itself being a change, will be dependent upon representative obstruction, the organization should impart the advantages of the new culture. More prominent self-governance at work environment, quicker dynamic procedure, and less weight on the senior chiefs can be refered to as the normal advantages of the new culture, and this ought to be conveyed to the representatives by means of conversations and intuitive meetings sorted out over a time of 3 weeks. In course of the conversation meetings, it is critical to make reference to how the new hierarchica l culture will enable the organization to adjust its way of life to its vital needs. Next, the authority style and the authoritative structure should be changed also. The association needs to grasp the Transformational Leadership style, as it will permit dynamic support and expanded commitment of the workers in the dynamic procedure of the association. The progressive structure must be changed into an adaptable authoritative structure. Further, the representatives, particularly the senior workers ought to be approached to take an interest in classes and a meeting, plate
Friday, August 21, 2020
The eNotes Blog Coverflip How Book Covers Differ by AuthorsGender
Coverflip How Book Covers Differ by AuthorsGender Writer Maureen Johnson has had enough of gendered book covers. Exactly what is she discussing? Indeed, shes discussing books that resemble this: Versus this: What's more, truly, that is a similar book in each image. The first is the thing that wound up in print, while the second envisions how the spread may have looked had the book composed been by a man. Why the distinction? Johnson gives a little knowledge into the occasionally uncalled for universe of book distributing and showcasing: The straightforward truth is, on the off chance that you are a female writer, you are substantially more prone to get the bundle that recommends the book is of a lower seen quality. Since itââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"girly,â⬠which is by one way or another inherentlâ different and simpler on the sense of taste. A man and a lady can compose books about a similar topic, at a similar degree of quality,â and that lady is basic bound to get the delicate sell spread with the warm gleam and the sentiment of smooth jazz passing over of it. Consider it: have you at any point seen a male creator with a spread like the first above? What's more, before anyone reasons that female journalists books look the manner in which they do in light of the fact that they are explicitly showcased towards ladies, I encourage you to have a think on how deigning that sounds to ladies, and offending to men who like books about and by ladies. (What's more, I might likewise want to take note of that our own overseeing manager, a man, has perused Bridget Jones Diary a larger number of times than most likely any of you. So there.) Prodded by a plenty of notes from men approaching her for less girly covers so they could peruse her books, and unlimited dissatisfactions with book distributers who give writers zero to no say in the last book spread (and here and there in the last title), Johnson represented a test to her Twitter adherents: take a book by a writer of either sexual orientation and envision it was composed by the other. She got many picture reactions inside the initial 24 hours. Heres a fascinating example: You can see more at Johnsons Huffington Post article and Twitter, notwithstanding the coverflip pictures then for the interesting way Johnson can hit her head into a work area and deftly disgrace pundits in a single singular motion. Fascinating investigation, isn't that so? Also, to some degree a dismal investigate the sexual orientation disparity in both book distributing and our general public. Its more regrettable than you suspected it was. Things being what they are, what book covers do you envision appearing to be unique with a writer of the contrary sex? Also, does a girly spread make you less inclined to get that book? As usual, marry love to hear your considerations.
Tuesday, June 16, 2020
Art Essay Theatre. Top Girls Plays - 550 Words
Art Essay: Theatre. Top Girls Plays (Essay Sample) Content: TheatreName CourseInstitutionDateFencesThe play Fences revolves around two families. The main characters belong to one family made up of Troy, the father, his wife Rose and their son Cory. Troy is a black man who appears to be uncomfortable with the way he perceives the treatment of black people. In fact, he is audibly displeased and questions his boss about the roles played by white people against the blacks. The playwright uses this scene to bring the past into the play and to also show the audience where Troys scepticism of the way black people are treated comes from. He used to play football for Negro teams in the past but never got a chance to play in the major leagues because by the time major leagues accepted black players he was too old to play (Gainor, 131). Around this time also he goes into a long story in his past about his struggle with death. This is another example of the past being brought to the present and its relevance is especially demonstrated whe n Troys Mistress Alberta, dies while giving birth to his child. Troy is forced again to face death and just as he struggled with death in the past, he faces death un-wavered and even challenges death to come for him if it dare after he has built the fence he promised his wife. We also see the past brought into the structure of the play after Troy wins the case and is made the first black garbage truck driver. In this scene, Troy and Bono reminisce over their childhood experiences when they moved north after leaving home in the South. His victory over the case at work also signifies his past experiences where he felt that he did not receive the treatment he deserved because he was black.Top Girls PlaysTop Girls stars a career driven woman, Marlene, gives up her poor life and illegitimate child to pursue success. The plays theme revolves around the experiences of successful women in the past, what they gave up to attain it and whether or not they had to. The playwright structures also plays the past into the present especially because it looks into past successful women and pioneer feminists in order to pass a point across. The play uses these past legends to examine how well successful women juggle family life with career life if at all. One of the past feminists structured into the play is Margaret Thatcher along with her feminist ideals. The audience is put in a position where they compare the present, Marlene&...
Monday, May 18, 2020
Biographical Sketch Dr. Vimala Pillari - 1471 Words
Biographical Sketch Dr. Vimala Pillari, the author of Scapegoating in Families, is well known in the social work professional community. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker she has published over 8 books that have become widely known along with several articles. Currently serving as Dean of the Whitney M. Jr. School of Social Work, Dr. Pillari has also served as Dean and Director for two other accredited universities. In addition to her education, she is part-time social worker at Childrenââ¬â¢s Hospital in Buffalo, NY and was a part time social worker at the Family Agency of Tidewater in Norfolk. Having to grapple with and being exposed to scapegoating in families, as she has worked with many unfortunate child-victims and adult survivors of severe scapegoating, she now draws on her experience to explore and inform others of this phenomenon in families. Summary of Contents Scapegoating in families is a book written to shed light on the prevalence of such in todayââ¬â¢s family dynamic. While the concept is not new, it is one that is not discussed as much as it should be. Thus the information in this book explores family dynamics in terms of scapegoating in families and identifies patterns of how it works and why it happens. In doing so this literature considers the multidimensional aspects of victims of scapegoating and their dysfunctional families (Pillari, 1991, second cover). In demonstrating that scapegoating is an intergenerational phenomenon Dr. Pillari provides detailed
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Changing Ones Leadership Style Essay example - 537 Words
It is amazing the different variations in leadership style that can determine or almost pre-determine oneââ¬â¢s outcome to any situation. I have never considered why a boss or leader may act the way he or she does based on this criteria. I have only ever thought about it in terms of personality clashes. The fact that you can label these traits and understand what type of decisions will be made from this kind of assessment is both good and bad. Consequently, it is great if you say and do all the right things consistently; however it is enlightening if you donââ¬â¢t. Fortunately one can change behaviors or ideas that have been pre-determined to be wrong to create a more positive outcome. There are several areaââ¬â¢s in my life that I am tryingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Life is full of trials and tribulations every day. How we learn to stay consistent with our demeanor, or our moods, and how we speak to people as well as how we look at them will set the tone for our mission and how we can accomplish our goals.It is amazing the different variations in leadership style that can determine or almost pre-determine oneââ¬â¢s outcome to any situation. I have never considered why a boss or leader may act the way he or she does based on this criteria. I have only ever thought about it in terms of personality clashes. The fact that you can label these traits and understand what type of decisions will be made from this kind of assessment is both good and bad. Consequently, it is great if you say and do all the right things consistently; however it is enlightening if you donââ¬â¢t. Fortunately one can change behaviors or ideas that have been pre-determined to be wrong to create a more positive outcome. There are several areaââ¬â¢s in my life that I am trying to change, this is extremely hard because it is certainly easier to learn something new, rather than un-learn something. Happily, I am glad to read that great leaders are not born the y are made. Of course there are probably a few exceptions to this rule for some such as: Gandhi, Martin Luther King, or the Dali Lama, however I am sure they couldnââ¬â¢t have always got it right all the timeShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theory And Philosophy Of Leadership Essay1164 Words à |à 5 PagesThe belief of leadership is constantly changing, with many theories and frameworks available. Todayââ¬â¢s organizations face ever-increasing change, which includes increased patient demands and work needs, which requires a more adaptive flexible leadership that is becoming increasingly important in the 21st century. Leadership theory and philosophy can be divided into several well-known styles. Within this paper, we will discuss the basis of autocratic, democratic, laissez faire, servant, charismaticRead MoreThe Impact Of Emotional Intelligence On Leadership999 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Leadership and Leadership development in the non-profit se ctor. Gone are the days of intelligence relating only to academia and the testing of the intelligence quotient (IQ). The 21st century brought about the introduction of ââ¬Å"emotional intelligenceâ⬠as an added skill set in a leaderââ¬â¢s tool kit. Essentially, the ability be aware and manage oneââ¬â¢s own emotions, the others emotions, and effectively applying that information to guide ones thinking and actionsRead MoreLeadership As A Effective Leader1299 Words à |à 6 Pagesare continually changing which means leaders must adapt to keep up with them. For example, technology has advanced to the point where telecommuting is more commonplace. 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The manner in which leadership is applied, especially in todayââ¬â¢s society and ever-changing geopoliticalRead MoreThe Role Of Women s Leadership Program1684 Words à |à 7 Pagesfeedback to learn from oneââ¬â¢s mistakes. Ibarra, Ely, and Kolb (2013) also stated, ââ¬Å"when they are grounded in candid assessments of the cultural, organizational, and individual factors shaping them, women can construct coherent narratives about who they are and who they want to becomeâ⬠(p. 5). By creating a safe setting that involves a coaching relationship, women ââ¬â¢s leadership program, a support group of peers, these women can interpret these messages and begin developing their leadership identity that bestRead MoreTransformational Leadership918 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿Answer 1 Transformational Leadership revolves around democratic management style where a leader initiates motivational strategies that have immense implications on the performance and behaviours of the subordinates. A transformational leader is a proactive, risk taking person who has the ability to inspire his or her subordinates to take up challenges and move forward thus increasing their productive efficiency. Thus, a transformational leader emerges as a role model for his subordinates by practicallyRead MoreLeadership Roles Of A Successful Organization1445 Words à |à 6 Pages(2007), through out the years leadership and management roles have changed in so many directions due to changing of organizational needs. According to Gary Yukl (2005) for more than two decades there have been debates about the difference between leading, managing and the relative importance of the two roles for a successful organization. In any organization a manager tend to manage and supervises tasks, while a le ader inspires and motivates others. The terms leadership and management vary in definition
Husserls Phenomenology free essay sample
Why is phenomenology such an important branch of philosophical thought in terms of understanding media and its social, political, and technological impact? Phenomenology is the philosophical thought that focuses on the structure of subjective human consciousness. This philosophical movement was founded by Edmund Husserl who ââ¬Å"wants to describe our experiences as they are given from a first person perspectiveâ⬠(Zahavi, 2003, p. 13). Husserl describes the conception of reality in 3 parts. Firstly thereââ¬â¢s the world and its external beings, this being the world around us made up of other things and other people. Secondly we have ourselves, and thirdly we have our subjective consciousness, the way we perceive the world around us. Husserl divides phenomenology into two parts, the noesis and the noema, the noesis being the part of an experience which explains the activity, be it an emotion, perception, judgement, or imagination. The second part is the noema, which is the way we perceive the experience, our own meaning of it, the way we conceive it. This study can be differentiated from Kantââ¬â¢s method of analysis which focuses on reality consisting of objects and events as they are understood by subjective human consciousness. The two main divisions of Kantian phenomenology are the noumena and the phenomena. The noumena are things independent of the mind; an object or event that exists without the use of human senses, while the phenomena are any observable occurrences. Kant theorises that what we experience through our senses questions what roles we play in terms of truth and reality. Both Kantââ¬â¢s and Husserlââ¬â¢s interpretation of phenomenology are important branches of philosophical thought when understanding media and itââ¬â¢s social, political, and technological impact. The political impact that media has is stretched further than the democracy of governments. The politics that media focuses on can vary from contestants on a television show to the Presidential debates of the United States. When we watch any form of politics on an edited television show, all weââ¬â¢re seeing is whatââ¬â¢s presented to us; the phenomena, we experience what is given to us. It is only by our senses that weââ¬â¢re able to perceive whatââ¬â¢s happening on the show. This relates to Kantââ¬â¢s method of analysis which states that what we experience through our senses allows us to question truth and reality. Only what we see on television enables us to question this. What is edited out or what happens back stage is the noumena, itââ¬â¢s not perceivable by our senses and therefore according to Kant weââ¬â¢re unable to comprehend it. The X Factor relies heavily on humiliation in its audition process to get viewers. Many of the advertisements for the X Factor auditions show hopeful contestants being booed or laughed at on stage by the audience. Spin off shows called ââ¬Å"The X Factor: Best and Worst Auditionsâ⬠are created purely for our entertainment. Although it may seem that the media is using a contestantââ¬â¢s pain for their own gain, it is argued that ââ¬Å"by now, those appearing on reality TV should have acquired a basic understanding of its textual codes and mode of production, and should therefore be prepared for any possible outcomesâ⬠(Watts, 2011, p. 36). When schadenfreude, ââ¬Å"enjoyment obtained from the troubles of othersâ⬠(Merriam-Webster), is shown on television, the audience is faced with an ethical dilemma. They have to decide based on the phenomena around them what is right or wrong. It is up to the individual audience member to decide whether they feel the contestant is able to understand the codes of reality TV and whether the humiliation is acceptable or not. One contestant on the 2012 X Factor auditions, Zoe Alexander, was highlighted in the media due to her vulgar outburst on stage after the judges slammed her down for singing a song by an artist (Pink) for whom she had previously been a tribute act for. After saying she wanted to move away from being a tribute act and focus on her own career, she went on to sing a song by the artist Pink. According to what was shown on television, the contestant made a bad choice and was ridiculed on stage for it. She was jeered at and this resulted in her swearing at the judges and throwing her microphone on the ground. The audience were left with feelings of embarrassment for her; from what was presented to them the audience could only see her outburst. The political division of the show was between this contestant and the X Factor, and the audience had clearly picked a side. After the audition had been aired on television it soon came out that the contestant had been told to sing a Pink song by the X Factor production team prior to her audition. In interviews after the show Alexander stated ââ¬Å"When the judges rejected me I realised I had been manipulated by the X Factor for the previous six weeks. They lured me in, coaxed me and even chose my song all with the intention of setting me up for a fall. â⬠(Daily Mirror). It was only after the audience had become aware of the back stage antics that they were able to switch their political viewpoint to that of the contestant. The impact that media has on politics is shown through the way the media is able to influence the minds of audiences by only showing certain parts of the story. Parts of the show were edited out in order to create a political imbalance between the show and contestant. After the contestant told her side of the story, the audience realised that ââ¬Å"There is now good reason to believe that there is a surprisingly vast range of ways the scene around you could have been visibly different from the way it actually isâ⬠(Noe, 2006, p. 191). The noumena, which was not something the audience could understand, was what was edited out of the show, as we could not sense it, it was independent of our minds. According to Kant, as soon as we become aware of it, it becomes a part of our phenomena and is now an observable occurrence. By understanding phenomenology itââ¬â¢s clear that it is an important part of the political impact that media has. Kantââ¬â¢s thoughts on phenomenology relate much to Platonism. The allegory of the cave is a metaphor to describe that what we believe to be reality may not be complete, and that illumination is needed for us to see the truth. Plato explains that the freed prisoner ââ¬Å"wouldnââ¬â¢t be able to see a single one of the things he was now told were realâ⬠(Plato, 2006, p. 280). Plato gives us four levels of knowledge: shadows, objects, ideas, and forms, ââ¬Å"in the first place, shadows, and in the second place, reflectionsâ⬠(Plato, 2006, p. 244) The first two levels are within with the realm of sense, shadows are things we have interaction with but no knowledge of, and objects are able to be perceived with knowledge but they still rely on senses to be seen. The next two levels eradicate senses and rely on intelligence. Ideas and forms are reflections of the lower levels and are seen as the ââ¬Ëintelligible worldââ¬â¢. In a similar way, Kant theorises that reality exists on many levels, with the phenomena being what we can sense, and the noumena being what we cannot sense, independent of the mind. Both Plato and Kant agree that knowledge is primarily reliant on sense but does not have to rely on sense alone, and that reality exists on a series of levels. The concept of realism has made huge advancements in technology over the last decade. With great progression in technology, media such as video games and cinema have transformed immensely in terms of how real they appear to their targeted audiences. New technology such as 3D cinema and D-Box enables audiences to be transported even further into the world of the film by creating a false sense of reality. By wearing 3D glasses and sitting in a stimulation chair, the cinema is able to allow the audience to be absorbed into the world of the film even further than ever before. These technological advances exhibit the power phenomenology has to intensify the experiences of watching a film or playing a game. Certain media are created to illuminate our phenomena by their transmission and the form that certain media take, ââ¬Å"What we know of the worldà (including cinematic representation) has to do with our experience of phenomena, that is, the way things appear to us. â⬠(Casebier, 2009, p. 4) According to Husserl, knowledge ââ¬Å"remains within experienceâ⬠(Husserl, 2012, p. ), so all we know of cinema and videos games is merely a recreation of what we already know from our experiences. However it isnââ¬â¢t just cinema that does this, advancements in technology have enabled other media to do the same; 3D televisions and mobile phones are created for the same reason, to create a fabricated reality, a place where people can have all of the fun without any of the responsibility. Video games are created with a goal to make an interactive world which can be perceived similar to real life but without the consequences that comes with reality. Racing games are made with cars that look and sound more realistic to appeal to audiences, stimulation controllers to enable you to feel like youââ¬â¢re actually driving a car, but when you crash your car youââ¬â¢re able to start another race, when in reality there would be serious consequences. However, the question of truth and reality regarding technology can be argued against. Plato states that the representation of reality is not as clear as we may think it is. Plato states that ââ¬Å"the quickest way is to take a mirror and turn it round in all directions, before long you will create suns and stars and earthâ⬠(Plato, 2006, p. 70). When he is told that this will only create reflections and not reality, Plato states that an artist would do the same with a paintbrush. This allegory shows that whatââ¬â¢s real and whatââ¬â¢s true is hard to determine because everything is a representation of the ultimate reality. Therefore the images created in technology such as video games and cinema can be seen as a construction or representation of an ultimate reality, what we perceive as real life experiences. As Husserl states ââ¬Å"Natural knowledge begins with experienceâ⬠(Husserl, 2012, p. ), it is from our experiences of real life that weââ¬â¢re able to even comprehend the constructed reality that is shown in media such as video games and cinema. However, being too involved in these types of simulated realities can be dangerous, they can distort our minds by making us confused between the difference of whatââ¬â¢s true and whatââ¬â¢s real. What is acceptable in a simulated video game such as Grand Theft Auto, such as beating people up, shooting people, stealing cars, woul d not be acceptable in real life. A distinction is needed in the mind between what is real and what is true. These experiences show the importance that phenomenology has in terms of understanding the impact media has on technology. Husserl states that human experiences are subjective, and this is true especially when referring to photography and the social impacts that certain media have on the world. Photographs are a special type of image, one that holds a subjective experience personal to the people who are in them and the people who took them. ââ¬Å"It is not merely the likeness which is precious in such cases ââ¬â but the association and the sense of nearness involved in the thing. (Sontag, 2001, p. 183) Instagram is a social networking app which allows users to upload pictures onto a database which is viewable by ââ¬Ëfollowersââ¬â¢. Similar to social networking sites such as Facebook or Twitter, users can follow each other and comment on pictures that are uploaded. With the invention of such social applications personal photographs no longer serve as just memories or subjec tive images, they also serve as a way to exhibit your experiences to your social circle: your friends and family. The way we communicate and share with each other has been changed. No longer do photographs have to be developed and stuck in an album for everyone to see them, now you can upload a picture onto Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or any similar social networking sites and it can be viewed by hundreds of people from your social circle at the same time. By sharing our experiences socially weââ¬â¢re able to project our experiences into the minds of others; ââ¬Å"We behold the living experiences of others through the perception of their bodily behaviourâ⬠(Tymieniecka, 1983, p. 300). Even though pictures that are ploaded onto social networking sites are able to be sensed by others in terms of being able to see them, they will be not be aware of the meaning behind the pictures. The noumena of the pictures will be the meaning behind them; the memories and emotions that are attached with the image will not be visible to everyone who looks at it, only the people who have previous knowledge of the image will be able to have a deeper understanding of what itââ¬â¢s about. No matter how much you look at a photograph it will have different memories and connotations for each person who views it. The way we communicate with each other has changed in many others way than just photography. The impact media has on society is seen through the change in our communication with each other with tools such as Whatsapp and Skype. With the use of just a mobile phone youââ¬â¢re able to communicate with other people in so many different ways; Weââ¬â¢re no longer limited to just calling or texting each other, now weââ¬â¢re able to video call, send pictures, on Facebook people are able to send each other virtual animals to each other; media has impacted the way we communicate so much so that the levels of communication are unlimited. Through doing so weââ¬â¢re expanding our experience of communicating with each other and therefore according to Husserl weââ¬â¢re expanding our knowledge of each other. The level of impact media has on communication is clear because through new methods of communication comes more information we have of each other. Phenomenology is important for understanding media and its impact on many aspects such as politics, society, and technology. Both Kantââ¬â¢s and Husserlââ¬â¢s analysis of phenomenology are vital branches of philosophical thought when thinking about the influence that media has. Through politics, media is able to hide certain aspects of the truth in order to manipulate the minds of the public. Kantââ¬â¢s theory of the phenomena and noumena is shown here as what the audience perceive as the truth is merely a part of it; the parts that are kept out are the noumena. Whatââ¬â¢s not perceivable by our immediate senses becomes independent of the mind. When it comes to technology, the impact that media has refers mainly to realism. The question of what is true and what is real comes into place. Media such as video games and cinema are able to create other worlds of reality in which people are absorbed into. Husserl states that it is through experience that knowledge is made, so media takes the experience that we have in the real world and build upon to create realities that are more idealistic to live in; Worlds in which people are free to do as they choose without any consequence. The only consequence of this is if people become so involved in these created worlds that theyââ¬â¢re unable to distinguish between reality and constructed reality in the form of games or cinema. Through social issues itââ¬â¢s clear that phenomenology is an important issue in terms of how much of an impact media has. Social network sites enable people to share their experiences with their friends and family. Photographs no longer have to be shown to others in a physical album, now theyââ¬â¢re visible all over the world. Husserl tells us that it is through others being and their bodily behaviour that weââ¬â¢re able to understand them. Therefore itââ¬â¢s clear that the impact that media has on society is the change of how we communicate with each other. By having new ways of talking to other people, thereââ¬â¢s also new ways of understanding each other. Phenomenology shows that with a wider experience of communication, weââ¬â¢re gaining knowledge of whom and what we communicate with. Kant and Husserl both have different methods of analysis according to phenomenology, but ultimately theyââ¬â¢re both concerned with the way the world appears to us and our subjective understanding of the world around us.
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